PAOfc FOUR Production of Glue From Fish Waste, By LOUIS F. SMITH Fisheries Experimental Station, Prince Rupert Fish gh' Is a "viscous stlCky liquid varying In color from light yellow to dark brown with Its characteristic odor often masked by essential oil. It is produced from fish waste, chiefly from fish skins, but also to some extent from fish heads. Only two or three companies in Canada and the United States are engaged in Its manufacture and the methods they use are secret. However, this veil of secrecy has been gradually lifted by scientific investigators until today it seems fected and patentea a which seems to produce an even better glue than the "secret" methods which fish glue manufacturers prize so highly. Nevertheless, our knowledge of fish glue, its preparation and properties, is still very meagre and unsatisfactory. We cannot with as surance state whether fish waste of a given kind will yield a good fish enormity of the loss, this waste would bear investigation. But the preblem acquires even greater lm portance when chemical science shows clearly that any fish glue that might be obtained from the fish waste will be found in these waste liquors and any method for obtain ing fish glue from fish waste will curtail almost entirely this loss. Whether reclamation may be ef fected most economically by pre paring fish glues from the liquors as they are now available or by so TtrtA vto-lV meal process . . r . inir nriero n 1 1 ore ova sfrAtMAi cess of fish glue making can appiy only to a few of the details of plant management. Chief among those who have contributed to this knowledge are the scientific investigators of the adhesive research committee of the department of scientific and ln- that waste liquors are obtained which need only be concentrated to form a satisfactory glue Is a question to which comprehensive ana carerui scientific woric can These nvesttrotors havV been Prior W and by what scale may tor ?thT ystoaiwe measure the difference? Must from fish waste ana ine properties, the v--- strength ".n of these Joints ,.r" . of such glues, and they have . c per furnish an answer. How may we recognize a good fish glue? In what respects does an interior glue dirrer from a su- or will uci- I.. . -. . w . TYiPthnd line aetermination of the physical ojiu tucuirjtti properties indicate the strength of the glue? An answer must be found to these questions before experiments on the preparation of fish' glue can make much progress. It Is known that glue, whether from mammal or fish, Is impure gelatin. It is made by boiling up the skins and bones of the animals with water. glue, or whether a method whteh I t;,A2e n"ien 5.ih yields fish h o.i,.a glue from from nn one mortal material : carefully studied and accurately de- will apply to another. We cannot even be sure, except after long and extensive testing, that a method of pi-soaring glue will yield consistently satisfactory results. Perhaps it is partly due to this uncertainty that the established fish glue manufacturers have been unwilling to exploit the fish glue resources of the Pacific coast, where kinds of fish, types of fish waste and ways of fishing are so different from those on the Atlantic coast. A letter from the largest fish glue manufacturer at Gloucester, Mass., Indicated that the company did not consider the fish waste available on the Pacific coast as suitable for fish glue. This attitude may be readily understood when one recollects that no fish are skinned on this coast. A survey of the present methods of handling fish waste indicated the desirability of an investigation of the fish glue potentialities. To an ever increasing extent the waste from the halibut and salmon fish-in Industrie and such fish as the pilchard, dogfish and herrine are being utilized for the production of ; scribed for mammal glue and though no such study has been completed for fish glue there is no doubt that the reaction is very similar. For the best results it is essential that the stock (skins or bones) be fresh. It must be free from Impurities or contamination with other tissues, and must be leached In fresh running water for 12 to 24Tiours to wash out inorganic salts. Care must be taken to avoid cooking for too long duration or at too high a temperature. When these precautions are followed the process of glue making is fairly slmpje. The stock (usually fish skins is, leached, heated with a littlewater for several hours, usually tj the boiling point and the mixture is pressed; Jo, an hydraulic press. The ; press liquors are allowed to 'separate until the oil comes to the top. The lower layer is drawn off and evaporated to a thick gluey consistency and, with preservative added, forms the fish glue of commerce. Following this procedure a series of glues, was made up using hali- uui iieaas Doin leacnea ana un fish meal and oil. The process used leached; 'Cfibni fcase the heads were In the vast majority of nlants in vnlves the cooking of the fish with steam under pressure, the pressing of the llouid from the resultant mass, and the separation of the liquid Into oil and waste liquor. The oil in pumoed to storage tanks but the waste liquor is run into the sea. This liquor containing from one-third to two-thirds of the total nitrogen of the fish waste and amounting to thousands of gallons vi year is kbi, soaked la .alkali and . then' in arid before washing, according to the method1 of the adhesive research committee of Great Britain. In no other cases were chemicals used. These glues were subjected to a number of chemical tests, their viscosity and reaction (pH) determined and finally their breaking strength in a glued wood Joint found. This latter test was carried Tom the standpoint of sheer tory of Vancouver to whose courtesy , This advertlsemeftt Is not published or displayed by the Liquor Control Board or. by the. GovetnmehV oi British Columbia, we are indebted for the results reported herewith. v In this test, boards of fir or hard-wood are glued together, placed in clamps and allowed to set and dry thoroughly. Blocks are sawn from plant conditions at fish meal plant. These samples will be distributed to 1 users of glue and used under actual working conditions. This procedure should reveal any defects of the slue so far hidden and give some indication of its value as a commercial product. The investigation has shown that 1 satisfactory glue can be made from fish heads and It Is evident that the application of the Droceas would solve the waste liquor problem. Experiments are in progress to determine the effect of the'oro- cess on the fish meal and oil ob-4 wined under such conditions. IASTSK00T OF SEASON Lamb, Brass, Cameron and Wilson at McNicholl Creek Kange Yesterday The final Khnnt of the the First North B. C. Regiment Rlflo naouuiuLtun mi uie Mcmenou Creek ranges was held yesterday, 'he prize winning scores being as follows: 9nn mv, uniiTH M. M. Lamb 32 30 32 94 W. Brass 30 33 2167 it w. cameron 30 27 29 8G H. Wilson 23 29 2279 Mr. Lamb received a gold medal; .vlr. Brass, silver medal; Mr. Cam-ron bronze mortal nnH n wiimn - I ...,aWAA, turkey. ... . . There were eight hiarksWen out. Mr. Hmss vVnn- th rttxAmnnti ueilUCill Cup and gold . medal for the highest average score throughout the sea son, xwr. L.amo, as high scqrer, won the spoon for the day. About November shootlne for the yrfnter months will be started on the miniature range. Provincial Constable Robert Gibson and J. P. McMillan of the B. 0. Packers staff returned to the city on Saturday afternoon's train alter an absence of three weeks making: an' inspection, of the salmon "hatchery and spawning grounds at Bablne Lake - . jnib DAILY NEWS Monday, Eepte apart in an Olsen testing machine Service Club. Captures Champion in such a way that the fracture' shP ,n "eavy Hitting Game occurs in tner ,giu.eu unless, it k is stronger than the wood. This is accomplished by. a tool which holds one half of the Joint firmly while force is applied to the other half. the direction of the force being in j GYROS WIN CHAMPIONSHIP Gyro Club -won'the city Bisctsnli league championship yesterday af ternoon from tne sons -oi uarraaa by a 14 to 9 score. The game was rather loosely played at times and both teams did some heavy stick the plane of the Joint. A shearing jwork Nlck chenoskl was on the J.0," thul aPPlled t0 tne glue mound for the Service Club and film. The total force necessary toNihiff, nin vtfr nrhiio h ji. break the Joint apart is divided by lowed nine hits. He helped win his 'hfl nrM rtf thn tr! n or eiirfope flrlv- I i n , a U .. uia . - W..N. b"-" o" uwn came uy luucluik mice mi. ne a value that renresents the breaking strength in pounds per square men or the glued film. Ten blocks are broken and the' mean value taken Six glues of the first series were tested by this method and cave values of 9001500 pounds per square men. As a basis or compart son, a commercial animal glue of gooa quality was reported to give a strength test of about 1600 pounds per square men. The forest products laboratory In reporting these results stated' that rne glues took too lone to set. 24 hours being required. However, they considered the values of the strength test comparatively high ma stated that the glues should be satisfactory for ordinary purposes. a secona series comDrtsin? of about 30 glues was made ud. the temperature of cooking being from 76 decrees F. to 297 decrees F. Eighteen of these were tested by the forest products laboratory on' maple blocks, values from 0 to 2800 pounds per square inch being re-, ported. Five of these elues rave values or over 2000 pounds rer square inch. Further trial of these ?lues is being made under condi tions or actual service. A careful study of the results of these tests showed that no- clear relatlonahlo existed between the strength of the glue and its physical and chemical properties. In other words none of the chemical and physical tests which are applied to glues can be used as indicators of the strength. It has been stated in the literature that the viscosity of liquid glues gives an Indication of the strength, the higher the viscosity the stronger the glue. In 34 glues tested no such relationship could be observed. 1 Some light Is thrown by the strength tests on the comparative value of the different methods used to prepare the glues. It is evident that heating under pressure is detrimental to the glue, but a boil- 1 'ng temperature, or very slightly lower for a period of 4-8 hours vields the best quality glue. i Glues made from stock that has not been leached do not dry satis-1 factbrily. Though some of these 1 Tlues give good-strength tests after; uriicient time for drying is allow ed, the glues made from leached -tock are considerably stronger. ! The percentage of chlorides present ) n a glue is an indication of the amount of leaching the stock' has received and a glue with a high per-, rentage or cnionaes cannot be ex-1 -ected to dry satisfactorily. j The glue obtained f rem fish heads 1 -omes almost entirely from the fish ! kin present, though the bone docs furnish glue when given special ; treatment. Two samples of glue made from salmon heads have so far proved in satisfactory. The results obtained with hali but head glues are considered so satisfactory that arrangements have been made to prepare large caie samples of this Blue under, Sons made no less than 12 errors. Ted Tite, playing third for the Gyros, turned In a nice game, getting a three-bagger and two singles in five times at bat. Howe, Wendle and Mitchell did the best batting for the. Sons. Howe connecting for a triple and a single Wend'e two doubles and Mitchell a double and a single. Eddie Pmith got two singles also, but his work at second was not up to his usual standard as he muffed a coi'ole of soft ones and tried to hit the tennis court with one of his throws to third. Frlzzell made the catch of the game in 4' the fourth, when he took one going at full speed In right field. The game was good to watch, the Gyros taking the lead only to lose it twice before they finally stole away from the Sons in the seventh and were never in danger after that. Box Score S. O. C, Smith 2b. Howe. If. Mitchell, c , ABR . 5 2 Wendle, ss 4 Frlzzell, rf 4 Menries. 3b 5 D. Stalker lb 5 Astoria, p 4 R. Stalker, cf 2 !Jlm McNulty. If. ABR one of which was a nomer, mat ; , Tn nrnh fh fni 1n Hunt " Moran, ss. .? field j Harry Astoria did the pitching MacSllb for the Sons, and although he.WfeA0 was touched for 13 safe hits, he VPe.nc?uW tnlcrhf havn vnn thp mnw hnrt htt lle JD- snnnnrt support hwn been n a lltlln little hpftjr better. The Thl ?.urT' ? Jack McNulty. rf. 3 2 0 : 5 2 H POA 2 3 4 0 8 3 3 1 6 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 1 0 H POA 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 9' 2 1 11 0 1 JO 3 1 1 Totals 43 14 13 27 9 5 S. O. C 0 000405009 Gyros 0 1 2 0 5 1 3 2 x 14 Summary- Stolen bases. Moran Tite. Jack McNulty. Mitchell 2: sacrifice. MceKown. Jim McNultv two-base hits. Basso n. Mitchell, Wendle 2: three-base hits. Tite Howe; home-run. Chenoskl; struck out by Chenoskl 9. Astoria 6: base on balls, off Chenoskl 1, Astoria 2; wild pitch Astoria: hit by pitcher, Wendle. Frisaell. D. Stalker: time of game. I hour. 55 mln.; umpires, P.atchford and Lobllck. U BMJ Cr'UflAI make little lmnrt n till .l ni II II . irprtnm ""nUWK j High school have a well h,i. am. its aelence wa vv; -.u. u uugn aunech did : Plav on Saturdav Closer Than 8 fn.mntn um an "ac- Nat In the second half Booth defended well, but towards the end the team found the going too much and the smaller boys were clearly outplayed and goals were added for High by Bacon (2), Greer, Wing-ham, Fong and Cameron. In spite of the big score, Booth nut up a good showing. Lawrence kept a fine goal. Gomez was the best back on the field, tackling with determination and kicking strongly. Walters played hard for the' .earn all through and tested Stinech . r ' n 4 , If ffnnl - 1 rnrurnrrl nil - i I " " . -W W Cu - ll I nM .. . , ... ... . . w KDTlh. Juninr rntriio Frmthall , wiui winznam ir,,r, ' cj - wvwwm,, 1 . . . . wiK ann n . w .v . . . V - - - - - n - - WWUV Tinrith Memntlal Rihnn1 nn Rilni-- I J. Camnbell rpfmj t. .1 w.j , . - , faxtlnn l! J . ? M,neat' - ... " v- " ... . w. v jinanin . men Knnni hv no nr. annic to nil n. omea were Mnnm. r. wvv "J oVMMV J . I ....v.juivil ine nrst naif or the game was well contested. Wingham opened the iavirlnor tutth ti flno itrhn nrA On Wednesdav of rv,.. . 8:15 High and Borden wMrZ i regular fixture. triers. r m k The league standing High Borden Booth i u 1,11 na it.. m.t.l. on n nni in ml wu unci. ,'UU& KUICU K1UI tt i 1QI ..... w . us , a iuuiu .u j a a .t iv ia v -1 1-1 . . 1 nr n iav w,a. 1 uiat ijii wrfiine siiiiiun nave snvpn v uiujcia ana Rnnt.i T aw t . . . 1 . I onMUMrta I U . . . - "J.l uuoui naa more 01 me eame irom -yvu.BC uus scnooi hint . W 2 0 0 For his second offence the space of a few dvt charge of drunkenne uajr uivcniuuns Trim i L. 0 1 1 on Hi Singh. Hindu, was fined tM i b, Magnate "JM"! Erf war rl Arnold ltn a unlpnrild rtrlvp from a free fri,,R -1-1 """" i,Vi. m.T., m ,,: tilf. anaaiiin Nation 1LfT.an McLean. Tvartnn a net TTI 11 '.. a . so will wv aau were the best of the forwards, though Coluasl, Stegavig and Christison all gave evidence of football ability, but were unable to 01a arrived in the ntu . "r: j - : . . a. jeaLf course of a trip wesl am J last nleht on the Pr.. nv. iu, vaiiwuicr. at Eventide JHE happy days of their early love . i & 'the vows they took and the plans they laid ... are still realities, though the turmoil and the struggles now are over. For, out of their plenty they built up a competence for their declining years. A Life Insurance policy djcned the way towards independence . .' . with sure and constant protection ' against want, should either be . taken before their plans matured. And now they enjoy 0fc fttSUTi lj JSer Dim together trie fruits of their forethought. AH we who now arc young, should wc be spared, will one day grow old. Our hands and hearts will grow tired and wc shall long for rest and relaxation. Life Insurance offers the only certain safeguard against the fear of privation. It will guarantee such simple luxuries as age may crave. It will bring us happiness and con tcntment through the later years, and peace at eventide. 0 mrncc